Identification and prioritization of critical sub-watershed is essential to sediment control at watershed scale. Many studies have been carried out on the topic of identifying and prioritizing the critical source areas (CSAs),however, only few researches have been conducted to prioritize sub-watersheds in terms of their contributions to the sediment yield of the main watershed outlet. In fact, observations alone are not enough for CSAs prioritization,hence, hydrological models may be applied for prioritization of sub-watershed. Therefore, in the present study, prioritization of sub-watershed was considered based on (1) on-site effects of soil erosion: specific sediment yield at sub-watershed scale (sediment yield/area), (2) offsite effect of soil erosion: sub-watershed contribution to the sediment yield of the main watershed outlet. In this study, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) was applied for prediction of runoff and sediment load at sub-watershed scale and the main watershed outlet. The Unit Response Approach (URA) has also been applied to prioritize sub-watersheds in terms of their contributions to the sediment yield at the watershed outlet. The proposed model was applied in Mehran watershed, in West of Tehran (capital of Iran). The study watershed was divided into 37 sub-watersheds. The results showed that the contribution of sub-watershed No. 14 and No. 17 had the largest sediment contribution into the main outlet of watershed. The results of this ranking can differ entirely from those based on single sub-watershed sediment production at the sub-watershed outlet. Targeting the placement of Best Management Practices, based on the CSAs concept, will assist sediment control in watersheds.

In order to produce the world’s growing population food demands, it would be necessary to increase the productivity. Most of this increase should be gain by funding for improving irrigation and drainage at current fields. High costs of these projects and the funds’ limitation make challenges to conduct the projects; so in order to have optimized use of the limited funds, it would be necessary to spatial prioritize the projects. At the current study spatial prioritization of subsurface drainage within the Alborz irrigation and drainage project was evaluated by using geographical information system (GIS). prioritization was done based on the electrical conductivity and depth to water table. After determining limitations for effective factors on positioning, the interpolation done and interpolated maps were exported. After complexion of the interpolated maps for different factors, the prioritization map for conducting subsurface drainage was gained. The geostatistical analysis tool of ArcGIS software was used for interpolation. According to the results the kriging method had acceptable results for interpolation. After positioning the locations with various prioritizations, it founded that an area about 10300 ha (about 54.64 % of total area) was in the 1st and 2nd prioritizations. Generally these lands were at the northern half of area near to Caspian Sea. The main problems of these lands were salinity, swamplands or mixture of these two factors. According to the positive effect of drainage on rice productivity as one of the main crops of the area, conducting subsurface drainage systems for higher priorities is suggested.

The main purpose of this study was modeling the suitability of recreational services in order to identify the high-priority areas for the development of recreational activities. To identify the spatial patterns of recreational services, the landscape attractiveness index, visit rate estimation, and access distribution were combined using a set of sub-indices. Moreover, the weight of each index was calculated using CRITIC weighting method and the importance of each index in the formation of recreational services spatial suitability was determined. The results showed that the presentation of highly recreational services is mainly done in the areas with forest ecosystems, protected areas, and aquatic ecosystems such as rivers and wetlands that have diverse landscapes. On the contrary, urban and human-built areas have the least potential for the provision of recreational services. Getis-Ord Gi* statistic was used to model the recreational suitability, identify recreational suitability clusters, and zoning. With its very low suitability, Zone 1 covers 19. 9 percent of the area under study. This zone is mainly filled with agricultural lands (54. 7%), grasslands (36. 1%), and urban lands (6. 8%). In contrast, with its very high recreational suitability, Zone 5 covers 16. 5 percent of the area under study. The main uses of the lands in this zone are forest lands (55. 5%) and aquatic layers including rivers and wetlands (17. 2%). Zone 3, which has an average suitability rate, covers more than half of the area under study. The approach presented in this study helps identify the development priorities in the light of the recreational potentials of the ecosystems existing in an area. Thus, it can be used to improve the spatial planning of recreation and tourism in order to preserve ecosystem services and sustainable use of them.

One of the most important goals of any society is social justice and social welfare and the equal distribution of resources, which include poverty reduction as an important dimension. To achieve the above objectives at any level in any society it needs to recognize the rate of social equality and poverty and inequality rate among different regions. This study is kind of applied-developed research where its analytical methods and the assessment of poverty in the province of West Azerbaijan was performed by using 17 indicators. Analyzing findings using TOPSIS model and Coefficient of dispersion model and hypotheses research was conducted in accordance with Spss software requirements as well.The weight of indicators were determined by a panel of 20 relevant experts. Accordingly, each of the urban areas of the province in terms of indicators was rated and classified. The study showed significant differences between cities in terms of development. Orumyieh was ranked as one of the lowest poverty rates in urban development and Chaypareh as the rank of the highest urban poverty.

Villages should be more productive as a source of life for urban centers. The establishment of conversion industries is one of the ways to increase the agricultural production. While, accelerating the establishment of the above industries requires the use of appropriate methods, among which the TOPSIS technique could help the planners. Therefore, the present research wanted to answer this question: which cities are in the top priority according to the population indices and per capita agricultural production? with the aim of the spatial prioritization of the agricultural conversion industries in Guilā n province. The research was applied in terms of its purpose and the method was descriptive-analytic. The information obtained from the library studies and the statistical documentation of the country. To analyze the data, the TOPSIS model was used and to weigh the agricultural indicators, the questionnaire was distributed among 10 experts of agricultural conversion. Findings showed that to establish the agricultural conversion industries in terms of the accessibility to the raw materials, the Rudsar city as the first selected choice had the shortest distance from the ideal answer with the final score of 0/3914 and it has the furthest distance from the most inefficient place, i. e., Mā sā l city with a final score of 0. 0434. Therefore, the human and financial capitals must be utilized in the places with the superior potentials to achieve the goals of sustainable development.

Due to increasing rate of flood risk throughout the world, including Iran, it is necessary to identify and prioritize flood- contributing areas for flood control activities. In this study, a new approach on Unit Flood Response method called "Flood Reduction method" was introduced which is applicable to prioritization of sub-basins for flood control activities. It was used to prioritize upstream sub-basins of Kardeh dam in Khorasan Razavi province. To conduct the study, the entire basin was divided into 24 sub-basins and physical characteristics of the basin and sub-basins were extracted using HEC-GeoHMS extension in ArcGIS. HEC-HMS model was calibrated using a rainfall-runoff event data and then, the 50- year design storm was simulated by this calibrated model. prioritization of flood source areas was performed using the Unit Flood Response method and the Flood Reduction method was used to prioritize flood control activities. For the basin under study, the results showed that the sub- basin which has higher flood contribution is not necessarily the most appropriate sub-basins for flood control activities. In general, the prioritization results of the Flood Reduction method and those of the Unit Flood Response method were significantly different. The effect of rainfall duration on sub-basins prioritization was also studied. The results showed that rainfall duration has a significant effect on the sub- basins prioritization.

A B S T R A C TThe right to the city in urban development goes beyond the physical form and, at the same time, has a mental and social meaning, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. Based on descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the components of right to the city in Bandar Abbas. Therefore, after collecting 77 subjective and objective measures around the research components, the multi-criteria decision-making technique of COPRAS has been exploited to integrate the data in the ArcMap Tools. The findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, the right to ownership, the right to participation and the right to difference for the residents have been weakened and ignored. A share of up to 20.7% of the city space, which is mainly directed to the wealthy neighborhoods and parts of the central areas of the city, as well as parts of new developments, the right to the city has been more manifested, and in about 19.8% of the city spaces. Mainly applicable to informal settlements and slums of the city, this right has been undermined and ignoredExtended AbstractIntroductionThe right to the city as a physical, mental and social concept seeks a fundamental change in dealing with urban planning and development issues, which has been popularized in planning theory and urban studies after its proposal by Lefebvre. This theory focuses on the residents and the distinctive features of the space and believes that the right to the city can only be formulated as the right to the evolved and renewed urban life. In other words, this theory is a call for the priority of the consumption value of the city against its exchange value, which can only be pursued through the analysis of urban issues in the framework of the "city space" metaphor in the right to the city. It is a fundamental change in the city to create opportunities and space for citizens to meet and achieve their needs. MethodologyFrom a descriptive-explanatory purpose, this research seeks to spatially analyze the explanatory components of urban development in Bandar Abbas from the perspective of the right to the city. In this research, by collecting 77 subjective and objective measures, the COPRAS multi-criteria decision-making technique has been used to integrate data in the ArcMap environment. Citizens are the source of mental data, official documents and maps are the objective data, and experts are the relative weight of the criteria. It should be mentioned that to guarantee the validity of the content based on the guidance of supervisors and advisors, the collective opinion of university experts and the use of similar studies were exerted. The reliability of the questionnaire was also tested by Cronbach's alpha method, and the value of the alpha coefficient (0.866) indicates the high reliability of the questionnaire. Results and discussionThe findings show that in the current state of urban development in Bandar Abbas, the right to the city in all its aspects, including the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference for the residents, has been weakened and ignored. A review of the findings shows that the social function of the city's real estate and land, with a coefficient of 0.136, followed by environmental justice, with a coefficient of 0.131, has the greatest impact on the urban development of Bandar Abbas. On the other hand, socio-spatial justice in the process of taking over space, with a coefficient of 0.106, shows the lowest level of influence in the development of Bandar Abbas compared to other components of the right to the city. The results show that about 20% of the area of Bandar Abbas city is in a very unfavorable situation compared to the components of urban development based on the right to the city approach. These areas of the city are spaces where the residents' right to the city has been severely denied, and they are deprived of taking over the city space.In this regard, the results show that 20.7% of the city's space, mainly focused on wealthy neighborhoods, parts of the city's central areas, and parts of Mehr's housing, has the right to a greater manifestation of the city. The city's space is more in line with its residents. As shown in the spatial distribution of the urban development components of Bandar Abbas based on the right to the city approach, the possession of space through the right to presence, the accessibility of residents to the opportunities and resources of the city, as well as the fair distribution of facilities and services play a decisive role in urban development. However, as the results show, it is the difference that gives meaning to the urban space, and therefore the space must provide the conditions for the city to play a role in meeting the needs of all city groups. The requirement of this role is the central position of the residents in making decisions about the city space, which is a unique way to realize the right to the city. ConclusionAs Brenner states, the right to the city is a call to create "cities for people, not for profit." In this definition, urban development is more than a physical thing and has a mental and social dimension at the same time. In terms of the right to the city, the right to possession, the right to participation, and the right to difference form the trinity of urban development and the guiding light of these three principles that determine the quality of a different city. Unfortunately, urban development in Bandar Abbas has weakened and denied residents' rights. The zoning resulting from the spatial analysis shows that about 19.8% of the city's spaces, which mainly correspond to informal settlements and poor neighborhoods, this right has been weakened and ignored. From the theoretical aspect of the right to the city, this event originates from the space as an economic and physical thing exchanged in the market, not a consumption thing formed by the citizens and in social interaction with the space. FundingThere is no funding support. Authors’ ContributionAuthors contributed equally to the conceptualization and writing of the article. All of the authors approved thecontent of the manuscript and agreed on all aspects of the work declaration of competing interest none. Conflict of InterestAuthors declared no conflict of interest. Acknowledgments We are grateful to all the scientific consultants of this paper.

Flood is one of the natural disasters that can threaten economic, social and environmental sustainability activities. Therefore, identifying flood-prone areas in the basins is essential. The aim of this research was to prioritize and analyze flooding potential in Ghamsar watershed using multi-criteria decision making models and fuzzy logic. For this purpose, first, 14 effective criteria on basin flooding (including precipitation, elevation, land use, soil texture, lithology, distance to river, slope, drainage density, stream order, Topographic Wetness Index, Stream Power Index, flow accumulation, plan curvature, profile curvature) were identified. Rhen, pairwise comparisons were made between the criteria using the AHP method in Expert choice 11 software and the final weight of each criterion was obtained. Moreover, the criteria were fuzzified using linear and large fuzzy functions, and finally, the final weights obtained for each criterion were applied in the respective layers and the final flood risk map of the basin was prepared. The results of prioritizing quantitative and qualitative criteria based on the opinion of watershed management experts using the AHP method showed that among the 14 proposed criteria, the precipitation criterion with a final weight of 0.229 has the most impact on the flood risk of the basin. Moreover, the criteria of heavy to very heavy soil texture (0.499), Plvav stone unit (0.252), water areas and bare lands with final weights of 0.345 and 0.225, respectively, have a stronger role in the flood risk of the basin. The results of the final flood risk map of the basin showed that about 30.841, 27.056 and 12.406 percent of the total area of the basin are in the medium, high and very high flood risk categories, respectively, and these areas are located mostly in the central part and along the southeast of the basin. Therefore, knowing flood potential of the basin can be effective in formulating crisis management plans when faced with floods.

The use of quantitative methods and mathematical models is inevitable to facilitate understanding the intricacies of issues and problem the areas, due to component-oriented attitude to issues. Since the regional planning requires understanding of different areas position to each other in terms of development, the aim of this study is using the component-oriented approach to evaluate the development of Ardabil townships. There are many indicators to measure the situation of development of regions. Each of these indicators are valuable and important that are used with respect to the objectives and methods. This study takes action to measure the development condition and comparative comparison of the parameters of different parts of development in townships of Ardebil province uses 60 indicators (in sectors health, infrastructure, cultural and economic). The research method is descriptive-analytical that is used Multi-attribute technique to data analysis. In accordance with the overall results achieved, the development condition of the townships of Ardabil province is unbalanced and this situation is evident in various development sectors (health, infrastructural, cultural and economic). The minimum value of the standard deviation and amplitude the development of townships has been assessed in economic sector that reflect the relative closeness of townships is in this part of the development.

This study was conducted to determine some important factors of site selection for Esfahan 4th new town-Iran, with quantification of importance index for each factor and the effect of selected criteria in determination of the prioritized location for urban development. The study followed an explanatory analytical method based on field studies, analytical hierarchy process and technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution model. This means that after defining the criteria and the significant parameters using Delphi technique and filling out the questionnaires by experts in environmental sciences and urban constructions, the rate of effectiveness of each factor and also the significant criteria in site priority and environmental decision making for new towns were determined by analytical hierarchy process model and “Expert choice” software. The results revealed that among the main defined criteria (i.e. physical, biological, economical-social, political and pollution dispersion) and sub-criteria selected by the experts for location of Esfahan 4th new town, the physical criteria with a weight of 0.453 designated nearly 45% of the importance index to itself, standing at the first priority. Accordingly, the economical-social and pollution dispersion criteria were ranked at the second and the third place with weights of 0.307 and 0.116, respectively. The technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution model, which is one of the methods for multi-criteria decision making, was then used to determine the best location scenario. Comparing the three proposed locations, alternative 1 was found to be more suitable as it was well-fitted to the defined criteria.